Understanding Brightness in AMOLED and LCD Displays
by Joshua Ho & Brandon Chester on December 22, 2014 8:00 AM ESTWhile we generally avoid going into deep detail when it comes to our display testing, in light of statements that seemingly contradict our testing it becomes important to contextualize our display tests. Many people are often confused by contradicting statements regarding the peak brightness of an AMOLED display, as we will state that the Samsung Galaxy Note 4’s display reaches a maximum of 462 cd/m^2, while other sites often state that the Note 4’s display reaches a maximum of 750 cd/m^2. Another commonly cited discrepancy is that we rate the Nexus 6’s display to reach a peak brightness of 258 nits, while others have rated the Nexus 6’s display to be as bright as 400 nits.
One might immediately assume that one measurement is right, and the other is false. In truth, both measurements are achievable, as we’ll soon see. Before we get into any discussion of testing methodology though, we must first understand how AMOLED and LCD displays work. Fundamentally, LCD and OLED displays are almost completely different from one another, but face similar issues and limitations. LCD is the older of the two technologies, and is fundamentally quite simple, although not quite as simple as OLED. In short, we can view an LCD display as made of a backlight, and a color filtering array which has liquid crystals that control the passage of light, along with polarizers to make sure that the filtering system works correctly.
To break this system down further, we can look at the backlight. In the case of mobile devices, the only acceptable backlight system for thickness and power efficiency reasons is the edge-lit LED, which places a line of LEDs along an edge of the display, which is then diffused through a sheet of transparent material with strategically-placed bumps in the material to create points of light via total internal reflection. For the most part, LEDs in use today are blue LEDs with yellow phosphors in order to increase efficiency, although this means that the natural white point of such a backlight is higher than 6504k and requires filtering in order to reach a calibrated white point.
Schematic diagram IPS LC display / BBCLCD
While the backlight is relatively simple, the actual color filtering is a bit more complicated, although we will avoid extensive depth in this case. In the case of IPS, the structure is generally quite simple in nature, with two electrodes in plane with each other, which is used to generate an electric field that rotates the orientation of the liquid crystals in plane with the display to dynamically alter the polarization of the light that can pass through the liquid crystal array. With a set of fixed polarizers before and after the liquid crystal array, by using the controlling TFTs to alter the voltage applied on the electrodes one can adjust individual color output on a per-pixel basis.
AMOLED is a fundamentally different approach to the problem, which uses organic emitters deposited upon a substrate. These emitters are designed to emit red, green, or blue when voltage is applied across two electrodes. Similarly, TFTs are needed to control each pixel. As one can see, AMOLED is a simpler solution, but in practice the issues with such an implementation can be quite complex.
In order to determine what picture content to use for a measurement of maximum brightness, we must turn to a measurement known as Average Picture Level (APL). This is best explained as the percentage of the display that is lit up compared to a full white display, so a display that is completely red, green, or blue would be 33% APL.
As one might already be able to guess, with AMOLED power consumption is highly dependent upon the content displayed. With a pure white image, every pixel must be lit, while with a pure black image every pixel is off. As the display typically has a maximum power use set for a mobile device, this opens up the capability for AMOLED displays to allocate more power per pixel (i.e. higher maximum luminance) when not displaying a full-white image. This is in contrast with the edge-lit LCDs used in mobile displays, which have relatively limited local-dimming capabilities. As a result, the maximum brightness of an LCD is relatively fixed, regardless of the displayed content.
In the case of the Nexus 6, we can clearly see dimishing returns after 40% APL as there is efficiency droop on AMOLED displays that are similar in nature to LED backlights. While now it’s easy to understand why it is that AMOLED can vary in maximum brightness, the question is which brightness is “correct”. While an AMOLED display can technically have a maximum brightness of 750 nits, it’s unlikely that people will look at images effectively equivalent to 1% of the display lit up with white.
In practice, it turns out that with Lollipop and almost all web pages, the average picture level is quite high. It’s increasingly rare to see cases where displayed content is below 50% APL. According to Motorola, 80% APL represents an average APL for light UIs and in light of this, it seems appropriate to test at similarly real-world APLs. Taking a look at some commonly used applications in Lollipop, we see that the APL is regularly at or above even Motorola's 80% figure. I opened some of the applications on my Nexus 6's homescreen to take screenshots of whatever they had open when they came up, and I've tabulated the results below.
APL in % | |
Messenger | 86 |
Calculator | 49 |
Settings | 84 |
Calendar | 80 |
Phone | 89 |
Reddit Is Fun (Light) | 77 |
Reddit Is Fun (Dark) | 23 |
Chrome New Tab | 86 |
Wikipedia | 83 |
AnandTech | 52 |
AnandTech Article | 81 |
76 |
As you can see, many of the screens in Android's interface as well as web pages and third party apps have a high APL. There are exceptions, like the Calculator application and any application with a dark theme, but the overall trend is clear. Google's new interface style also means that applications are more likely to adopt interfaces with large amounts of white than in the past.
As a result of this, we test at 100% APL in order to get an idea of perceived brightness. While there may be some need for lower APL testing, it’s important to also consider cases such as OLED aging which will lower peak brightness over time. It's also important to consider that the delta between 80% APL and 100% APL in this case is around 44 nits. This makes for about an 18% delta in brightness, which ends up being around the noticeable difference in most cases. While our testing is subject to change, in the case of brightness we currently do not see much need to dramatically alter our methodology.
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blzd - Tuesday, December 23, 2014 - link
As much as a myth as Plasma burn in was a myth, in other words not a myth.Impulses - Thursday, December 25, 2014 - link
Find a carrier store with some old year+ AMOLED display models in use, it shows.c.nachiappan - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
color output from ips lcd does not just depend on the voltage applied, but also on the color phosphors. voltage will change the intensity i think.jkostans - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
I was also initially confused about the term APL. At least we got a definition, even if it was a bit late in the article.Poik - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
This is one of the reasons I feel that Material Design is a step backwards. I prefer darker themes and find them easier on my eyes but Material goes the way of Apple and makes everything super bright which is detrimental to anyone with an AMOLED display. As mentioned there really ought to be an option for a dark theme - including for webpages.Just look at the Battery Life charts of the S5 or Galaxy Tab S on webpages vs playing videos. They're lackluster for web content (just look at all that white screen!) but champs when you're not wasting power to create empty white space. What would battery life be in those numbers were reversed? 86% in Messenger becomes more like 14% or even 20-25%. That would have pretty serious Battery life implications. You could even preserve the design - just get rid of all that wasted whiteness.
Conficio - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
Thanks for the deep dive into the technology and it's measuring. What confuses me though is that (the abbreviation) APL is used before it is defined/explained (as "Average Picture Level") and never are the two really linked (i.e. "Average Picture Level (APL)).Conficio - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
Thanks, apparently the paragraphs got already swapped, but only on the website. The RSS feed (my primary reading mode) does not benefit from that.rezurect - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
Has anybody done testing to measure the SOT difference Material Design creates on Lollipop vs the standard Kitkat dark theme.Scenario: Switching between a few commonly used apps, the gallery and mild browsing. 3g on .A Regular use scenario. Or, at least a crude random fixed app battery drain to zero. Averaged over a few common apps.
Anandtech's list: Messenger, Calculator, Settings, Calendar, Phone, Reddit Is Fun (Light), Reddit Is Fun (Dark), Chrome New Tab, Wikipedia, Twitter,
My bias: I reckon Material Light on lollipop steals a substantial time off SOT. Keeping brightness constant around 50% for both tests. Maybe Project Volta should have aimed for ipad idle battery drainage.
mcrumiller - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
Hi Brandon or Joshua--I have a question. Your plot of APL vs nits goes down. A nit is a measurement of luminance per area. Is the area being measured *only* the area covered by the illuminated pixels, or is it the entire screen?
Alternatively, one might ask, "is the Y axis roughly luminance per screen area, or luminance per pixel?"
Brandon Chester - Monday, December 22, 2014 - link
The Y axis is the luminance of the white pixels that are being lit up. Since it's a white test pattern, pixels will either be entirely black or white, so the brightness of all the lit pixels will be the same and the brightness of all the non-lit pixels will be zero.